Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP)

The Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) series is the IEA’s flagship publication on energy technology, providing authoritative guidance on how innovation and deployment can shape the global clean energy transition. Since 2006, it has offered governments and industry a detailed view of the opportunities and challenges associated with existing, emerging, and breakthrough technologies—helping align energy security, economic development, and climate goals. The 2023 edition builds on the 2020 revamp of the series and focuses on the critical role of clean energy technology supply chains in achieving net zero emissions by mid-century.

ETP-2023 evaluates the current state and required scale-up of supply chains for key clean energy technologies such as solar PV, wind, batteries, and electrolysers, identifying vulnerabilities that could jeopardise climate targets. It explores bottlenecks, technology-specific risks, and policy options to build secure, resilient, and sustainable supply chains. The analysis underscores the need for early, coordinated action and examines how regions can position themselves in the evolving global energy economy, considering critical minerals, manufacturing capacity, infrastructure, and international collaboration.

ETP-2023 is underpinned by the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model, an integrated framework combining the strengths of the World Energy Model (WEM) and the Energy Technology Perspectives TIMES model. This hybrid, bottom-up partial-optimisation system covers 27 global regions and all sectors of the energy economy, allowing for detailed scenario analysis of technology deployment, energy use, and investment needs. 

Two main scenarios structure the analysis:

• Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE): a 1.5°C trajectory achieving global net zero CO₂ from energy by 2050, with earlier action in advanced economies.
• Announced Pledges Scenario (APS): a trajectory assuming all government climate commitments are met in full and on time, regardless of current policy support.

Through these scenarios, ETP-2023 offers governments and industry an evidence-based roadmap for building the resilient, secure, and sustainable technology supply chains needed for the global energy transition—while highlighting the risks of delay and the opportunities for leadership in the emerging clean energy economy.